Process for producing fatty acids or derivatives thereof from oleaginous plants

ABSTRACT

A process for producing fatty acids or fatty acid derivatives from oleaginous plants. This process is characterized in that transgenic oleaginous plants are produced having on the one hand at least one gene coding for a lipase enzyme, the so-called lipase gene, and on the other hand, associated with this lipase gene, a promoter permitting an expression of the gene either in compartments different from the lipid accumulation compartments, or by exogenous induction. The seeds or fruits containing the plant lipids are collected, the seeds or fruits are crushed, if necessary after induction treatment, so as to bring the lipids and lipase into contact, the whole mixture is incubated in order to effect an enzymatic hydrolysis of the lipids, and the fatty acids or derivatives thereof are extracted.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is the 35 USC §371 National phase of International application PCT/FR95/00957 filed Jul. 18, 1995, which designated the United States of America.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to a process for producing fatty acids or derivatives of fatty acids (esters or other derivatives) from oleaginous plants. The process of the invention applies in particular to oleoproteaginous plants such as rapeseed, sunflower, soya, kale, etc. The invention may in particular be used to produce biofuels (diesters), lubricants, phytosanitary adjuvants, detergents, etc., by converting the resultant fatty acids.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Since 1970 numerous attempts have been made to replace products derived from petroleum (in particular fuels) by products obtained from vegetable matter so as to reduce the dependency on oil-producing countries and increase the markets and sales of agricultural products. The industrial route utilizing oleaginous plants as starting materials starts from the production of free fatty acids constituting the raw materials for the conversion industries and ends up with fuels, lubricants, etc. The lipids accumulated by the oleaginous plants may be converted into fatty acids by hydrolysis: two processes are currently used industrially to effect this conversion.

The first process consists in hydrolyzing the lipids after extraction by contacting the extracted lipids under conditions of heat and pressure with sulphuric acid/methanol or methanolic potassium hydroxide. Another process consists in carrying out the hydrolysis under similar conditions directly on the crushed seed material without prior extraction. Further details of these processes, which are the only ones used industrially to hydrolyze vegetable oils, may be found in the following reference: K. J. Harrington and C. d'Arcy-Evans, Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 1985, 24, 314-318. The well-known high operating costs, large industrial infrastructure, polluting nature of the effluents, production of glycerol as a by-product without an existing market. These processes are used on account of the lack of simple alternatives.

In addition, experiments have been carried out in the laboratory to effect the hydrolysis of lipids enzymatically by mixing a lipase with the lipids extracted from seeds (G. P. McNeill et al., JAOCS, Vol. 68 No. 1st January 1991, p. 1-5; S. M. Kim and J. S. Rhee, JAOCS Vo. 68 No. 7th July 1991, p. 499-503; C. Gancet, In Heterogeneous Catalysis And Fine Chemicals II 1991, Guisnet Editors, p. 93-104). However, these experiments have remained at the laboratory stage since the technique is incompatible with an industrial exploitation on account of the amounts of enzyme required and the cost of the latter.

It should be emphasized that processes are already known enabling enzymes to be produced from plants (patent WO-A-92/01042 and EP-A-0.449.376). These processes lead to the linexpensive production of enzymes which are then used, after or without having been isolated, in various industrial or food industry conversion processes.

Nevertheless, this teaching is completely unconnected with the problem in question, which concerns the production of fatty acids directly from oleaginous plants.

OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION

The present invention aims to provide a new solution to the problem of producing fatty acids from oleaginous plants. The invention seeks to provide a solution whose costs of implementation are considerably less than known processes (industrial chemical processes as well as laboratory enzymatic processes).

An object of the invention is thus to provide a process that can be carried out on an industrial scale under mild temperature and pressure conditions, which is simple to operate and is non-polluting, employs a small-scale infrastructure, and does not produce any harmful by-product.

Another object, associated with the previous one, is to enable the number of fatty acid production installations to be increased so that they can be sited close to the regions of cultivation of the oleaginous plants and thereby achieve savings in transportation of raw materials.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

To this end, the process according to the invention for producing fatty acids or fatty acid derivatives from oleaginous plants is characterized in that:

oleaginous plants are produced

transgenic oleaginous plants are produced having, on the one hand, at least one gene coding for a lipase enzyme, the so-called lipase gene, and on the other hand, associated with this lipase gene, a promoter permitting an expression of the gene either in cellular, extracellular or tissue compartments other than those in which the plant lipids accumulate, or permitting exogenous induction,

the seeds or fruits containing the lipids of the plants are collected,

the seeds or fruits are crushed, if necessary after induction treatment, so as to bring into mutual contact the lipids and lipase contained in the seeds or fruits, p1 the mixture is allowed to incubate to effect an enzymatic hydrolysis of the lipids of the ground material under the catalytic action of the lipase contained in the said crushed material,

the fatty acids formed by the hydrolysis are extracted or are converted in order to obtain the desired fatty acid derivatives.

The process of the invention is thus an enzymatic hydrolysis process that enjoys the advantages of this type of process (mild operating conditions, absence of pollution, small-scale and inexpensive installations, no harmful by-products). In this process the plant itself is induced to produce the enzyme necessary for the subsequent transformation of the lipids, this enzyme being prevented from coming into contact prematurely with the lipids so as to avoid any risk of self-degradation of the plant before harvesting. The hydrolysis then takes place without the addition of exogenous enzyme by bringing the lipids and enzymes produced by the plant into contact. Such a process has a particularly low overall operating cost. The crushing and incubating units are light and small-scale and are known in the agricultural industry, which means that these operations can be carried out at the sites where the plants are harvested.

The production of the transgenic plants is carried out by first of all effecting the genetic transformation of a natural oleaginous plant, causing the genetically transformed plant to reproduce sexually so as to produce transgenic seeds, and then using these seeds to obtain transgenic plant progeny.

The initial genetic transformation consists, according to a presently well-known process, of generating an expression cassette containing the lipase gene and the expression promoter of this gene and introducing this expression cassette into the genome of the plant.

One of the essential characteristics of the process of the invention is that the promoter associated with the lipase gene is adapted to prevent any premature contact of the enzyme and lipids; this promoter may be of various types: it may either (1) direct the expression of the gene in compartments other than those where the lipids accumulate, or (2) initiate the expression of the gene at a suitable moment by exogenous induction.

In the first case, two types of expression cassettes may be used:

(1A) either an expression cassette comprising a lipase gene and a promoter controlling the expression of this gene in a cellular or tissue compartment different from the lipid accumulation compartment,

(1B) or an expression cassette comprising a constituent promoter and a lipase gene provided with an address sequence for cellular or extracellular compartments other than those where the lipids accumulate.

In the second case (2) the promoter used in the expression cassette is of a type that can be controlled in an exogenous manner by physical, chemical or biochemical signals, in particular is a stress promoter controlling the expression by applying a physical shock to the seeds or fruits.

By way of example, to produce fatty acids from oleoproteaginous plants, the operating procedure 1A outlined above may be employed:

the genetic transformation of the plant is carried out by producing an expression cassette comprising a lipase gene and a promoter controlling the expression of a specific protein of the seed, and introducing this expression cassette into the genome of the plant so as to express the lipase in the compartments of the seed where the specified protein accumulates,

the lipids and the lipase are brought into contact by simple crushing.

In the case of rapeseed, the promoter of the protein used is advantageously the napine promoter, which permits a large accumulation of lipase in the protein bodies of the seed, separated from the lipid globules.

The procedure 1B outlined above may be used regardless of the type of oleaginous plant, for example by choosing the constituent promoter 35S of CaMV (cauliflower mosaic virus) and the tobacco address sequence PR-S so as to direct the secretion of the produced lipases to the extracellular compartments. In this case too the lipids and lipases are brought into contact by simple crushing.

The procedure (2) outlined above may be used regardless of the type of oleaginous plant, for example by choosing the protease inhibition promoter isolated from potatoes, which controls gene expression in the case of injury or damage. The induction treatment that initiates the synthesis of the lipases may in this case be shelling or hulling of the seeds, carried out before crushing.

Regardless of the procedure that is chosen, preferably a gene is used coding for a non-specific lipase, i.e. characterized by a non-specific hydrolytic activity, in order to achieve a complete hydrolysis of the lipids accumulated by the plant and prevent interfering saponification reactions. However, for certain uses of fatty acids it is possible to cause the plant to produce lipases of specific hydrolytic activity so as to promote a certain type of hydrolysis (for example: monoacylglycerol lipase from penicyllium camembertii, effecting the hydrolysis of only one of the three fatty acid-glycerol bonds, so as to produce diacylglycerols).

In particular there may be used non-specific lipase genes, characterized by the following sequences or by sequences similar to the following sequences (the arrows define the coding part):

    SEQUENCE I (SEQ ID NO: 1)                                                          ▾                                                           1   GATGACAACT TGGTTGGTGG CATGACTTTG GACTTACCCA GCGATGCTCC                     51 TCCTATCAGC CTCTCTAGCT CTACCAACAG CGCCTCTGAT GGTGGTAAGG                      101                                                                               TTGTTGCTGC TACTACTGCT CAGATCCAAG AGTTCACCAA GTATGCTGGT                      151                                                                               ATCGCTGCCA CTGCCTACTG TCGTTCTGTT GTCCCTGGTA ACAAGTGGGA                      201                                                                               TTGTGTCCAA TGTCAAAAGT GGGTTCCTGA TGGCAAGATC ATCACTACCT                      251                                                                               TTACCTCCTT GCTTTCCGAT ACAAATGGTT ACGTCTTGAG AAGTGATAAA                      301                                                                               CAAAAGACCA TTTATCTTGT TTTCCGTGGT ACCAACTCCT TCAGAAGTGC                      351                                                                               CATCACTGAT ATCGTCTTCA ACTTTTCTGA CTACAAGCCT GTCAAGGGCG                      401                                                                               CCAAAGTTCA TGCTGGTTTC CTTTCCTCTT ATGAGCAAGT TGTCAATGAC                      451                                                                               TATTTCCCTG TCGTCCAAGA ACAATTGACC GCCCACCCTA CTTATAAGGT                      501                                                                               CATCGTTACC GGTCACTCAC TCGGTGGTGC ACAAGCTTTG CTTGCCGGTA                      551                                                                               TGGATCTCTA CCAACGTGAA CCAAGATTGT CTCCCAAGAA TTTGAGCATC                      601                                                                               TTCACTGTCG GTGGTCCTCG TGTTGGTAAC CCCACCTTTG CTTACTATGT                      651                                                                               TGAATCCACC GGTATCCCTT TCCAACGTAC CGTTCACAAG AGAGATATCG                      701                                                                               TTCCTCACGT TCCTCCTCAA TCCTTCGGAT TCCTTCATCC CGGTGTTGAA                      751                                                                               TCTTGGATGA AGTCTGGTAC TTCCAACGTT CAAATCTGTA CTTCTGAAAT                      801                                                                               TGAAACCAAG GATTGCAGTA ACTCTATCGT TCCTTTCACC TCTATCCTTG                                                                         {569                        851                                                                               ACCACTTGAG TTACTTTGAT ATCAACGAAG GAAGCTGTTT GTAAAACACT                      901                                                                               TGACGTGTTA CTCTAATTTT ATAATAAAAT TAAGTTTTTA TACAAT                          SEQUENCE II (SEQ ID NO: 2)                                                     1  GTCGACCATT TCAGCCTGTT TTGCTCGCAA AACGACGCCG CGGGCGTGCG                      51 CTACCGCACA CTCCGTCGCT GGGCGTTGTG CGGGGAAGAT TCAAACGAGC                      101                                                                               GTTTCGCGCC GTAACAACCC GCTCTCTTCC GCTCTGCCAC GCAGGTTATG                      151                                                                               ACCGGCCGCC AGGAAGCCGC GGATTTCCTG GCCTGGAGGA AAAAAGCCGA                      201                                                                               AGCTGGCACG GTTCCTGGCG CAAGGGACAG CGAAGCGGTT CTCCCGGAAG                      251                                                                               GATTCGGGCG ATGGCTGGCA GGACGCGCCC CTCGGCCCCA TCAACCTGAG                                     ▾                                                301                                                                               ATGAGAACAA CATGAAGAAG AAGTCTCTGC TCCCCCTCGG CCTGGCCATC                      351                                                                               GGTCTCGCCT CTCTCGCTGC CAGCCCTCTG ATCCAGGCCA GCACCTACAC                      401                                                                               CCAGACCAAA TACCCCATCG TGCTGGCCCA CGGCATGCTC GGCTTCGACA                      451                                                                               ACATCCTCGG GGTCGACTAC TGGTTCGGCA TTCCCAGCGC CTTGCGCCGT                      501                                                                               GACGGTGCCC AGGTCTACGT CACCGAAGTC AGCCAGTTGG ACACCTCGGA                      551                                                                               AGTCCGCGGC GAGCAGTTGC TGCAACAGGT GGAGGAAATC GTCGCCCTCA                      601                                                                               GCGGCCAGCC CAAGGTCAAC CTGATCGGCC ACAGCCACGG CGGGCCGACC                      651                                                                               ATCCGCTACG TCGCCGCCGT ACGTCCCGAC CTGATCGCTT CCGCCACCAG                      701                                                                               CGTCGGCGCC CCGCACAAGG GTTCGGACAC CGCCGACTTC CTGCGCCAGA                      751                                                                               TCCCACCGGG TTCGGCCGGC GAGGCAGTCC TCTCCGGGCT GGTCAACAGC                      801                                                                               CTCGGCGCGC TGATCAGCTT CCTTTCCAGC GGCAGCACCG GTACGCAGAA                      851                                                                               TTCACTGGGC TCGCTGGAGT CGCTGAACAG CGAGGGTGCC GCGCGCTTCA                      901                                                                               ACGCCAAGTA CCCGCAGGGC ATCCCCACCT CGGCCTGCGG CGAAGGCGCC                      951                                                                               TACAAGGTCA ACGGCGTGAG CTATTACTCC TGGAGCGGTT CCTCGCCGCT                      1001                                                                              GACCAACTTC CTCGATCCGA GCGACGCCTT CCTCGGCGCC TCGTCGCTGA                      1051                                                                              CCTTCAAGAA CGGCACCGCC AACGACGGCC TGGTCGGCAC CTGCAGTTCG                      1101                                                                              CACCTGGGCA TGGTGATCCG CGACAACTAC CGGATGAACC ACCTGGACGA                      1151                                                                              GGTGAACCAG GTCTTCGGCC TCACCAGCCT GTTCGAGACC AGCCCGGTCA                                                                            ▾         1201                                                                              GCGTCTACCG CCAGCACGCC AACCGCCTGA AGAACGCCAG CCTGTAG                         SEQUENCE III (SEQ ID NO: 3)                                                    1  GGGTGCATGC CAGCTCCCAC CGGACACCTG GCCCGTCGCT GAAACGTGTT                                                                     ▾                51 TTCGCTTTCT CTACAAATCC AACAACAGAG AGGCACTACC ATGGGTATCT                      101                                                                               TTGACTATAA AAACCTTGGC ACCGAGGGTT CCAAAACGTT CTTCGCCGAT                      151                                                                               GCCATGGCGA TCACGTTGTA TTCCTATCAC AACCTGGATA ACGGCTTTGC                      201                                                                               CGTGGGCTAC CAGCACAACG GGTTGGGCTT GGGGCTACCG GCCACGCTGG                      251                                                                               TCGGTGCGCT GCTCGGCAGC ACGGATTCCC AGGGCGTGAT CCCTGGCATC                      301                                                                               CCGTGGAACC CGGATTCAGA AAAAGCCGCC CTTGAGGCGG TGCAGAAAGC                      351                                                                               CGGTTGGACA CCGATCAGCG CCAGTGCCCT GGGCTACGCC GGCAAGGTCG                      401                                                                               ATGCACGTGG CACCTTCTTT GGGGAAAAAG CCGGCTACAC CACGGCCCAG                      451                                                                               GTCGAGGTAC TCGGCAAATA CGATGACGCC GGCAAGCTGC TCGAAATCGG                      501                                                                               CATCGGTTTT CGTGGCACTT CGGGGCCACG GGAAACCTTG ATCAGCGACT                      551                                                                               CGATCGGCGA CTTGATCAGC GATCTGCTCG CGGCCCTGGG GCCCAAGGAT                      601                                                                               TACGCGAAAA ACTACGCCGG CGAAGCCTTC GGCGGCTTGC TCAAGAATGT                      651                                                                               TGCCGACTAC GCCGGTGCCC ATGGCCTGAC CGGCAAGGAC GTGGTGGTCA                      701                                                                               GCGGCCACAG CCTGGGCGGG CTGGCGGTCA ACAGCATGGC GGACTTGAGC                      751                                                                               AACTACAAAT GGGCGGGGTT CTACAAGGAC GCCAACTATG TTGCCTATGC                      801                                                                               CTCGCCGACC CAGAGTGCCG GCGACAAGGT GCTCAATATC GGTTACGAAA                      851                                                                               ACGACCCGGT GTTCCGCGCG CTGGACGGCT CGTCGTTTAA CCTGTCGTCG                      901                                                                               CTGGGCGTGC ACGACAAACC CCACGAGTCC ACCACCGATA ACATCGTCAG                      951                                                                               CTTCAACGAC CACTACGCCT CGACGCTGTG GAATGTGCTG CCGTTTTCCA                      1001                                                                              TCGTCAACCT GCCCACCTGG GTCTCGCATT TGCCGACGGC GTACGGCGAT                      1051                                                                              GGCATGACGC GCATCCTCGA GTCCGGCTTC TACGACCAGA TGACCCGTGA                      1101                                                                              CTCCACGGTG ATTGTTGCCA ACCTGTCCGA TCCGGCGCGG GCCAACACCT                      1151                                                                              GGGTGCAGGA CCTCAACCGC AATGCCGAGC CCCACAAGGG CAACACGTTC                      1201                                                                              ATCATCGGCA GCGACGGCAA CGACCTGATC CAGGGCGGCA ACGGTGCGGA                      1251                                                                              CTTTATCGAG GGTGGCAAAG GCAACGACAC GATCCGCGAC AACAGCGGGC                      1301                                                                              ACAACACCTT TTTGTTCAGC GGCCACTTTG GCAATGATCG CGTGATTGGC                      1351                                                                              TACCAGCCCA CCGACAAACT GGTGTTCAAG GACGTGCAAG GAAGCACCGA                      1401                                                                              CCTGCGTGAC CACGCGAAGG TGGTCGGCGC CGATACGGTG CTTACGTTTG                      1451                                                                              GGGCCGACTC GGTGACGCTG GTCGGCGTGG GGCATGGCGG GCTGTGGACG                                                ▾                                     1501                                                                              GAGGGCGTGG TGATCGGCTG ATTACTCACG CAACCGATCA GTGCCAGTGC                      1551                                                                              TGCCCCCGCC AGCCACCGCC CCAATTGGGC CGGTGGGGGT AGCCATAGCC                      SEQUENCE IV (SEQ ID NO: 4)                                                     1  GGGCGATGGC TGGCAGGACG CGCCCCTCGG CCCCATCAAC CTGAGATGAG                      51 AACAACATGA AGAAGAAGTC TCTGCTCCCC CTCGGCCTGG CCATCGGCCT                                                              ▾                       101                                                                               CGCCTCTCTC GCTGCCAGCC CTCTGATCCA GGCCAGCACC TACACCCAGA                      151                                                                               CCAAATACCC CATCGTGCTG GCCCACGGCA TGCTCGGCTT CGACAATATC                      201                                                                               CTCGGGGTCG ACTACTGGTT CGGCATTCCC AGCGCCTTGC GCCGTGACGG                      251                                                                               TGCCCAGGTC TACGTCACCG AAGTCAGCCA GTTGGACACC TCGGAAGTCC                      301                                                                               GCGGCGAGCA GTTGCTGCAA CAGGTGGAGG AAATCGTCGC CCTCAGCGGC                      351                                                                               CAGCCCAAGG TCAACCTGAT CGGCCACAGC CACGGCGGGC CGACCATCCG                      401                                                                               CTACGTCGCC GCCGTACGTC CCGACCTGAT GCCTTCCGCC ACCAGCGTCG                      451                                                                               GCGCCCCGCA CAAGGGTTCG GACACCGCCG ACTTCCTGCG CCAGATCCCA                      501                                                                               CCGGGTTCGG CCGGCGAGGC AGTCCTCTCC GGGCTGGTCA ACAGCCTCGG                      551                                                                               CGCGCTGATC AGCTTCCTTT CCAGCGGCAG CGCCGGTACG CAGAATTCAC                      601                                                                               TGGGCTCGCT GGAGTCGCTG AACAGCGAGG GGGCCGCGCG CTTCAACGCC                      651                                                                               AAGTACCCGC AGGGCATCCC CACCTCGGCC TGCGGCGAAG GCGCCTACAA                      701                                                                               GGTCAACGGC GTGAGCTATT ACTCCTGGAG CGGTTCCTCG CCGCTGACCA                      751                                                                               ACTTCCTCGA TCCGAGCGAC GCCTTCCTCG GCGCCTCGTC GCTGACCTTC                      801                                                                               AAGAACGGCA CCGCCAACGA CGGCCTGGTC GGCACCTGCA GTTCGCACCT                      851                                                                               GGGCATGGTG ATCCGCGACA ACTACCGGAT GAACCACCTG GACGAGGTGA                      901                                                                               ACCAGGTCTT CGGCCTCACC AGCCTGTTCG AGACCAGCCC GGTCAGCGTC                                                                   ▾                  951                                                                               TACCGCCAGC ACGCCAACCG CCTGAAGAAC GCCAGCCTGT AGGACCCCGG                      1001                                                                              CCGGGGCCTC GGCCCCGGCC CTTTCCCGGA AGCCCCCTCG CGTGAAGAAA                      1051                                                                              ATCCTCCTGC TGATTCCACT GGCGTTCGCC GCCAGCCTGG CCTGGTTCGT                      SEQUENCE V (SEQ ID NO: 5)                                                         ▾                                                            1  CAGGCCCCCA CGGCCGTTCT TAATGGCAAC GAGGTCATCT CTGGTGTCCT                      51 TGGGGCAAG GTTGATACCT TTAAGGGAAT TCCATTTGCT GACCCTCCTG                       101                                                                               TTGGTGACTT GCGGTTCAAG CACCCCCAGC CTTTCACTGG ATCCTACCAG                      151                                                                               GGTCTTAAGG CCAACGACTT CAGCTCTGCT TGTATGCAGC TTGATCCTGG                      201                                                                               CAATGCCATT TCTTGGCTTG ACAAAGTCGT GGGCTTGGGA AAGATTCTTC                      251                                                                               CTGATAACCT TAGAGGCCCT CTTTATGACA TGGCCCAGGG TAGTGTCTCC                      301                                                                               ATGAATGAGG ACTGTCTCTA CCTTAACGTT TTCCGCCCTG CTGGCACCAA                      351                                                                               GCCTGATGCT AAGCTCCCCG TCATGGTTTG GATTTACGGT GGTGCCTTTG                      401                                                                               TGTTTGGTTC TTCTGCTTCT TACCCTGGTA ACGGCTACGT CAAGGAGAGT                      451                                                                               GTGGAAATGG GCCAGCCTGT TGTGTTTGTT TCCATCAACT ACCGTACCGG                      501                                                                               CCCCTATGGA TTCCTGGGTG GTGATGCCAT CACCGCTGAG GGTAACACCA                      551                                                                               ACGCTGGTCT GCACGACCAG CGCAAGGGTC TCGAGTGGGT TAGCGACAAC                      601                                                                               ATTGCCAACT TTGGTGGTGA TCCCGACAAG GTCATGATTT TCGGTGAGTC                      651                                                                               CGCTGGTGCC ATGAGTGTTG CTCACCAGCT TGTTGCCTAC GGTGGTGACA                      701                                                                               ACACCTACAA CGGAAAGAAG CTTTTCCACT CTGCCATTCT TCAGTCTGGC                      751                                                                               GGTCCTCTTC CTTACTTTGA CTCTACTTCT GTTGGTCCCG AGAGTGCCTA                      801                                                                               CAGCAGATTT GCTCAGTATG CCGGATGTGA TGCCAGCGCC AGTGACAATG                      851                                                                               AAACTCTGGC TTGTCTCCGC AGCAAGTCCA GCGATGTCTT GCACAGTGCC                      901                                                                               CAGAACTCGT ACGATCTCAA GGACCTGTTT GGCCTGCTCC CTCAATTCCT                      951                                                                               TGGATTTGGT CCCAGACCCG ACGGCAACAT TATTCCCGAT GCCGCTTATG                      1001                                                                              AGCTCTACCG CAGCGGTAGA TACGCCAAGG TTCCCTACAT TACTGGTAAC                      1051                                                                              CAGGAGGATG AGGGTACTAT TCTTGCCCCC GTTGCTATTA ATGCTACCAC                      1101                                                                              GACTCCCCAT GTTAAGAAGT GGTTGAAGTA CATTTGTAGC GAGGCTTCTG                      1151                                                                              ACGCTTCGCT TGATCGTGTT TTGTCGCTCT ACCCCGGCTC TTGGTCGGAG                      1201                                                                              GGTGCGCCAT TCCGCACTGG TATTCTTAAT GCTCTGACCC CTCAGTTCAA                      1251                                                                              GCGCATTGCT GCCATTTTCA CTGATTTGCT GTTCCAGTCT CCTCGTCGTG                      1301                                                                              TTATGCTTAA CGCTACCAAG GACGTCAACC GCTGGACTTA CCTTGCCACC                      1351                                                                              CAGCTCCATA ACCTCGTTCC ATTTTTGGGT ACTTTCCATG GTAGTGATCT                      1401                                                                              TCTTTTCCAA TACTACGTGG ACCTTGGCCC ATCTTCTGCT TACCGCCGCT                      1451                                                                              ACTTTATCTC GTTTGCCAAC CACCACGACC CCAACGTTGG CACCAACCTG                      1501                                                                              AAACAGTGGG ATATGTACAC TGATGCAGGC AAGGAGATGC TTCAGATTCA                      1551                                                                              TATGGTTGGT AACTCTATGA GAACTGACGA CTTTAGAATC GAGGGAATCT                                                               ▾                      1601                                                                              CGAACTTTGA GTCTGACGTT ACTCTCTTCG GTTAA                                      SEQUENCE VI (SEQ ID NO: 6)                                                     1                                                 ▾             1  ATGGAGCTCG CTCTTGCGCT CCTGCTCATT GCCTCGGTGG CTGCTGCCCC                      51 CACCGCCACG CTCGCCAACG GCGACACCAT CACCGGTCTC AACGCCATCA                      101                                                                               TCAACGAGGC GTTCCTCGGC ATTCCCTTTG CCGAGCCGCC GGTGGGCAAC                      151                                                                               CTCCGCTTCA AGGACCCCGT GCCGTACTCC GGCTCGCTCG ATGGCCAGAA                      201                                                                               GTTCACGCTG TACGGCCCGC TGTGCATGCA GCAGAACCCC GAGGGCACCT                      251                                                                               ACGAGGAGAA CCTCCCCAAG GCAGCGCTCG ACTTGGTGAT GCAGTCCAAG                      301                                                                               GTGTTTGAGG CGGTGCTGCC GCTGAGCGAG GACTGTCTCA CCATCAACGT                      351                                                                               GGTGCGGCCG CCGGGCACCA AGGCGGGTGC CAACCTCCCG GTGATGCTCT                      401                                                                               GGATCTTTGG CGGCGGGTTT GAGGTGGGTG GCACCAGCAC CTTCCCTCCC                      451                                                                               GCCCAGATGA TCACCAAGAG CATTGCCATG GGCAAGCCCA TCATCCACGT                      501                                                                               GAGCGTCAAC TACCGCGTGT CGTCGTGGGG GTTCTTGGCT GGCGACGAGA                      551                                                                               TCAAGGCCGA GGGCAGTGCC AACGCCGGTT TGAAGGACCA GCGCTTGGGC                      601                                                                               ATGCAGTGGG TGGCGGACAA CATTGCGGCG TTTGGCGGCG ACCCGACCAA                      651                                                                               GGTGACCATC TTTGGCGAGC TGGCGGGCAG CATGTCGGTC ATGTGCCACA                      701                                                                               TTCTCTGGAA CGACGGCGAC AACACGTACA AGGGCAAGCC GCTCTTCCGC                      751                                                                               GCGGGCATCA TGCAGCTGGG GGCCATGGTG CCGCTGGACG CCGTGGACGG                      801                                                                               CATCTACGGC AACGAGATCT TTGACCTCTT GGCGTCGAAC GCGGGCTGCG                      851                                                                               GCAGCGCCAG CGACAAGCTT GCGTGCTTGC GCGGTGTGCT GAGCGACACG                      901                                                                               TTGGAGGACG CCACCAACAA CACCCCTGGG TTCTTGGCGT ACTCCTCGTT                      951                                                                               GCGGTTGCTG TACCTCCCCC GGCCCGACGG CGTGAACATC ACCGACGACA                      1001                                                                              TGTACGCCTT GGTGCGCGAG GGCAAGTATG CCAACATCCC TGTGATCATC                      1051                                                                              GGCGACCAGA ACGACGAGGG CACCTTCTTT GGCACCCTGC TGTTGAACGT                      1101                                                                              GACCACGGAT GCCCAGGCCC GCGAGTACTT CAAGCAGCTG TTTGTCCACG                      1151                                                                              CCAGCGACGC GGAGATCGAC ACGTTGATGA CGGCGTACCC CGGCGACATC                      1201                                                                              ACCCAGGGCC TGCCGTTCGA CACGGGTATT CTCAACGCCC TCACCCCGCA                      1251                                                                              GTTCAAGAGA ATCCTGGCGG TGCTCGGCGA CCTTGGCTTT ACGCTTGCTC                      1301                                                                              GTCGCTACTT CCTCAACCAC TACACCGGCG GCACCAAGTA CTCATTCCTC                      1351                                                                              CTGAAGCAGC TCCTGGGCTT GCCGGTGCTC GGAACGTTCC ACTCCAACGA                      1401                                                                              CATTGTCTTC CAGGACTACT TGTTGGGCAG CGGCTCGCTC ATCTACAACA                      1451                                                                              ACGCGTTCAT TGCGTTTGCC ACGGACTTGG ACCCCAACAC CGCGGGGTTG                      1501                                                                              TTGGTGAAGT GGCCCGAGTA CACCAGCAGC CTGCAGCTGG GCAACAACTT                      1551                                                                              GATGATGATC AACGCCTTGG GCTTGTACAC CGGCAAGGAC AACTTCCGCA                                                                            ▾         1601                                                                              CCGCCGGCTA CGACGCGTTG TTCTCCAACC CGCCGCTGTT CTTTGTGTAA                 

The identification of the six aforementioned sequences is as follows in the "EMBL" and "GENE BANK" databank:

SEQUENCE I (SEQ ID NO:1)

LOCUS:RCHLIPASE, 946 bp ss mRNA PLN 23/01/93

DEFINITION:Rhizopus niveus mRNA for lipase, partial sequence

ACCESSION:D 12 680

SEQUENCE II (SEQ ID NO:2)

LOCUS:PALIPAG 1247 bp DNA BCT 21/07/93

DEFINITION:P airuginosa lip A gene for lipase

ACCESSION:X 63 390 S 43 732

SEQUENCE III (SEQ ID NO:3)

LOCUS:PSELIPASEE, 1700 bp ds-DNA BCT 15/04/92

DEFINITION:Pseudomonas fluorescens lipase gene, coplete cds

ACCESSION:M.86 350

SEQUENCE IV (SEQ ID NO:4)

LOCUS:PSELIPL, 1282 bp ds-DNA BCT 17/04/92

DEFINNITION:Pseudomonas sp. Lipl gene for lipase

ACCESSION:D 10166 D 90398

SEQUENCE V (SEQ ID NO:5)

LOCUS:GCU 02387, 1635 bp DNA PLN 07/10/93

DEFINITION:Geotrichum candidum NRRLY-553 Lipase gene, partial eds

ACCESSION:UO 2367

SEQUENCE VI (SEQ ID NO:6)

LOCUS:CCLIP1, 1733 bp DNA PLN 27/04/93

DEFINITION:C. Cylindracea LIP1 gene for lipase

ACCESSION:X 64703

The sequence I (SEQ ID NO:1) corresponds to a cDNA of Rhizopus niveus, the sequence II (SEQ ID NO:2) may be isolated from the genome of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, sequence III (SEQ ID NO:3) from Pseudomonas fluorescens, sequence IV (SEQ ID NO:4) from Pseudomonas sp, sequence V (SEQ ID NO:5) from Geotricum candidum, and sequence VI (SEQ ID NO:6) from Candida cylindracea.

In addition, the introduction of the expression cassette: lipase gene/expression promoter of this gene, into the genome of the oleaginous plant may be effected by any known protocol.

For example, according to the most common protocol at the present time, this expression cassette may be introduced into the genome of somatic cells of the plant by a transfer by means of the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens. This introduction into the somatic cells of the plant may also be effected by any other known technique, in particular by electroporation, biolistics or by microinjection.

It is also possible to introduce the expression cassette into the genome of microspores of the plant by electroporation or biolistics.

In the protocol provided later by way of example, the technique of electroporation is described for introducing the cassettte into the microspores of rapeseed.

Reference may be made to the following document "P. J. J. Hooykaas and R. A. Schilperoort, TIBS August 1985, p. 305-309" for more details on the transfer technique by means of the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens. It will be recalled that this technique consists in introducing the relevant expression cassette into the Ti plasmid of the bacterium, in particular by thermal shock, followed by contact between the bacterium and the leaf discs of the plant, allowing the whole to incubate until the expression cassette is transferred into the genome of the cells of the foliar discs, and cultivating these foliar discs on a succession of media to regenerate the transgenic plants.

Reference may also be made to the following document "J. A. Russell et al., In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol., 1992, 28P, p. 97-105" for more details of the biolistics technique. It will be recalled that this technique consists in attaching the plasmid containing the expression cassette to gold or tungsten microspheres, shooting these microspheres by means of a particle gun onto the cells of the plant to be transformed, and cultivating these cells until regeneration of the transgenic plants has occurred.

Reference may be made to the following document "Crossway A and A1, 1986, Mol. Gen. Genet 202, 179-185" for more details of the technique of microinjection. It will be recalled that this technique consists in injecting the plasmid containing the expression cassette into protoplasts or very young embryos by means of microsyringes, and cultivating the protoplasts until regeneration of the transgenic plants has occurred.

After the lipase and lipids have been brought into contact by crushing, the mixture is left to incubate so as to effect enzymatic hydrolysis. This incubation is carried out under normal conditions, in particular between 20° C. and 60° C., for the time required to achieve a total or almost total hydrolysis.

The fatty acids produced by the hydrolysis are extracted and then worked up by any known process, in particular by liquid/liquid extraction using a non-polar solvent such as chloroform or hexane.

According to another procedure, it is possible to carry out an in situ conversion of the fatty acids to obtain fatty acid derivatives, which are then extracted. For example the fatty acids produced by the hydrolysis may be methylated in situ by mixing them with methanol under acid catalysis and ultrasound so as to convert the acids into methyl esters, which are then extracted by a liquid/liquid extraction using a non-polar solvent.

The present application provides, as a novel product, any oleaginous plant or oleaginous plant seed of a variety that is not protectable by a plant breeding certificate, which includes in its genome an expression cassette containing at least one gene coding for a lipase enzyme, associated with a promoter permitting an expression of the gene in cellular, extracellular or tissue compartments different from the lipid compartments of the plant or seed.

The promoter associated with the lipase gene may be a specific cellular expression or tissue expression promoter. This promoter may also be a constituent promoter, in which case the lipase gene is provided with an address sequence for cellular or extracellular compartments different from the lipid accumulation compartments.

The present application also covers any oleaginous plant or oleaginous plant seed of a variety that is not protectable by a plant breeding certificate, which includes in its genome an expression cassette having at least one gene coding for a lipase enzyme, associated with a promoter permitting an expression of the said gene by exogenous induction, in particular by a stress.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The following description together with the accompanying diagram provides by way of example a protocol for implementing the process of the invention; FIG. 1 of the diagram illustrates the preparation of the genetic material to be transferred.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 1. PROTOCOL FOR OBTAINING TRANSGENIC RAPESEED PLANTS EXPRESSING A LIPASE GENE

a) Plant material

Rapeseed (Brassica napus, Var Tapidor) seeds are used, which are commercially available.

The seeds are sown in a greenhouse and cultivated under normal conditions. The state of health of the plants is strictly monitored.

The young buds (size less than 3.5 mm) are picked, sterilized in sodium hypochlorite for 30 minutes, and the microspores are extracted from the anthers by crushing in a Waring Blender in the medium of Huang et al (Huang et al. 1990, Plant. Cell. Rep. 8, 594-597). After filtering through a 5 μm mesh size metal sieve, the microspores are recovered by centrifugation for 5 minutes at 100 xg (protocol described in Jardinaud et al., 1993, Plant. Sci. 93, 177-184).

b) Genetic structure

The genetic structure that is adopted utilizes the napine promoter, the cDNA of Rhizopus niveus lipase and the NOS terminator. The napine promoter governs the expression of this protein in a protein compartment of the seed different from that in which the lipids accumulate. The whole arrangement is introduced into the PRT1 plasmid containing the pat selection gene used to screen the transformants so as to form the pRTlL structure.

Details of the structure are shown in FIG. 1 of the drawing.

The napine promoter designated "Prom. Nap" was isolated by Professor Rask's team (Stalberg K. et al, 1993, Plant Molecular Biology, 23:671-683). The Rhizopus niveus lipase cDNA, designated "Lip", was isolated by the Central Research Institute (Kugimiya et al., 1992, Biosci. Biotech. Biochem. 56, 716-719). An initiation codon, designated "start codon", compatible with the 5' end of the cDNA (available on the market) is grafted onto this end. A terminator designated NOS extracted from the pRT1 plasmid mentioned hereinbelow is grafted onto the 3' end, designated "lip", of the resultant arrangement, and the Nap promoter is grafted onto the 5' end.

The expression cassette thus obtained is introduced into a plasmid designated "Blue-Script" (commercial name) so that it can be amplified.

The amplified expression cassette is then extracted from "Blue-Script" and introduced into a plasmid designated pRT1, which was prepared by grafting the promoter designated CaMV35S onto the 5' end of the "pat" gene coding for phosphinothricine acetyl transferase (selection gene), and the NOS terminator onto the 3' end.

A plasmid designated pRTlL is obtained containing the desired expression cassette.

c) Gene transfer and production of transgenic plants

The microspores isolated in a) (10⁶ microspores ml⁻¹) are suspended in Brewbaker and Kwack's medium (J. L. Brewbaker and B. H. Kwack, 1963, Am. J. Bot. 50, p. 859-865) containing 13% sucrose and adjusted to pH 5.9. 50 μg per ml of the pRTlL plasmid are added to the medium and electrical pulses of 400 V/cm are applied for 10 ms to the suspension by means of a "Jouan" electroporation apparatus (trademark) (TRX, GHT) delivering square wave pulses. After 20 minutes' rest the culture medium (Huang et al.) containing 100 mg/l of phosphinothricine is added to the microspores. The microspores are cultivated in the dark for 24 hrs at 35° C. and then at 25° C. After two weeks of cultivation an equal volume of new medium is added and the microspores are exposed to cycles of 16 hours of light per day followed by 8 hours of darkness.

After about 1 month the embryos are transferred to B₅ medium (Gamborg et al., 1979, Exp. Cell. Res. 50, 151-158) containing 1 ml/g of G3A₃ and 20 g/l of sucrose, to which 8 g/l of "Bacto Agar" (trademark) gelling agent is added.

The phosphinothricine-resistant regenerated plants are analyzed by Southern blotting so as to verify the presence in their genome of the sequence coding for lipase. The chromosome complement of the plants is doubled by colchicine (0.1 g/l plus a few drops of Teepol) and the resultant fertile diploid plant are self-fertilized.

The activity of the lipase is investigated in a limited number of seeds. The plants having seeds with the greatest lipase activity are retained and the seeds are used to propagate the plants until enough seeds are obtained to perform the hydrolysis experiments on the seed lipids with endogenous lipase.

2. ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS OF THE LIPIDS OF THE RESULTANT RAPESEED SEEDS

The seeds are crushed and the crushed material is placed in an incubator kept at a constant temperature of 40°. The crushed material is constantly agitated to increase the contact between the lipids and the lipase.

After 48 hours hydrolysis, the fatty acids are extracted with chloroform. The chloroform is evaporated and the fatty acids are recovered.

    __________________________________________________________________________     #             SEQUENCE LISTING                                                 - (1) GENERAL INFORMATION:                                                     -    (iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: 6                                              - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:1:                                             -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                           #pairs    (A) LENGTH: 946 base                                                           (B) TYPE: nucleic acid                                                         (C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                 -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA                                                 -     (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:1:                                  - GATGACAACT TGGTTGGTGG CATGACTTTG GACTTACCCA GCGATGCTCC TC - #CTATCAGC          60                                                                           - CTCTCTAGCT CTACCAACAG CGCCTCTGAT GGTGGTAAGG TTGTTGCTGC TA - #CTACTGCT         120                                                                           - CAGATCCAAG AGTTCACCAA GTATGCTGGT ATCGCTGCCA CTGCCTACTG TC - #GTTCTGTT         180                                                                           - GTCCCTGGTA ACAAGTGGGA TTGTGTCCAA TGTCAAAAGT GGGTTCCTGA TG - #GCAAGATC         240                                                                           - ATCACTACCT TTACCTCCTT GCTTTCCGAT ACAAATGGTT ACGTCTTGAG AA - #GTGATAAA         300                                                                           - CAAAAGACCA TTTATCTTGT TTTCCGTGGT ACCAACTCCT TCAGAAGTGC CA - #TCACTGAT         360                                                                           - ATCGTCTTCA ACTTTTCTGA CTACAAGCCT GTCAAGGGCG CCAAAGTTCA TG - #CTGGTTTC         420                                                                           - CTTTCCTCTT ATGAGCAAGT TGTCAATGAC TATTTCCCTG TCGTCCAAGA AC - #AATTGACC         480                                                                           - GCCCACCCTA CTTATAAGGT CATCGTTACC GGTCACTCAC TCGGTGGTGC AC - #AAGCTTTG         540                                                                           - CTTGCCGGTA TGGATCTCTA CCAACGTGAA CCAAGATTGT CTCCCAAGAA TT - #TGAGCATC         600                                                                           - TTCACTGTCG GTGGTCCTCG TGTTGGTAAC CCCACCTTTG CTTACTATGT TG - #AATCCACC         660                                                                           - GGTATCCCTT TCCAACGTAC CGTTCACAAG AGAGATATCG TTCCTCACGT TC - #CTCCTCAA         720                                                                           - TCCTTCGGAT TCCTTCATCC CGGTGTTGAA TCTTGGATGA AGTCTGGTAC TT - #CCAACGTT         780                                                                           - CAAATCTGTA CTTCTGAAAT TGAAACCAAG GATTGCAGTA ACTCTATCGT TC - #CTTTCACC         840                                                                           - TCTATCCTTG ACCACTTGAG TTACTTTGAT ATCAACGAAG GAAGCTGTTT GT - #AAAACACT         900                                                                           #                946TTT ATAATAAAAT TAAGTTTTTA TACAAT                           - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:2:                                             -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                           #pairs    (A) LENGTH: 1257 base                                                          (B) TYPE: nucleic acid                                                         (C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                 -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA                                                 -     (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:2:                                  - GTCGACCATT TCAGCCTGTT TTGCTCGCAA AACGACGCCG CGGGCGTGCG CT - #ACCGCACA          60                                                                           - CTCCGTCGCT GGGCGTTGTG CGGGGAAGAT TCAAACGAGC GTTTCGCGCC GT - #AACAACCC         120                                                                           - GCTCTCTTCC GCTCTGCCAC GCAGGTTATG ACCGGCCGCC AGGAAGCCGC GG - #ATTTCCTG         180                                                                           - GCCTGGAGGA AAAAAGCCGA AGCTGGCACG GTTCCTGGCG CAAGGGACAG CG - #AAGCGGTT         240                                                                           - CTCCCGGAAG GATTCGGGCG ATGGCTGGCA GGACGCGCCC CTCGGCCCCA TC - #AACCTGAG         300                                                                           - ATGAGAACAA CATGAAGAAG AAGTCTCTGC TCCCCCTCGG CCTGGCCATC GG - #TCTCGCCT         360                                                                           - CTCTCGCTGC CAGCCCTCTG ATCCAGGCCA GCACCTACAC CCAGACCAAA TA - #CCCCATCG         420                                                                           - TGCTGGCCCA CGGCATGCTC GGCTTCGACA ACATCCTCGG GGTCGACTAC TG - #GTTCGGCA         480                                                                           - TTCCCAGCGC CTTGCGCCGT GACGGTGCCC AGGTCTACGT CACCGAAGTC AG - #CCAGTTGG         540                                                                           - ACACCTCGGA AGTCCGCGGC GAGCAGTTGC TGCAACAGGT GGAGGAAATC GT - #CGCCCTCA         600                                                                           - GCGGCCAGCC CAAGGTCAAC CTGATCGGCC ACAGCCACGG CGGGCCGACC AT - #CCGCTACG         660                                                                           - TCGCCGCCGT ACGTCCCGAC CTGATCGCTT CCGCCACCAG CGTCGGCGCC CC - #GCACAAGG         720                                                                           - GTTCGGACAC CGCCGACTTC CTGCGCCAGA TCCCACCGGG TTCGGCCGGC GA - #GGCAGTCC         780                                                                           - TCTCCGGGCT GGTCAACAGC CTCGGCGCGC TGATCAGCTT CCTTTCCAGC GG - #CAGCACCG         840                                                                           - GTACGCAGAA TTCACTGGGC TCGCTGGAGT CGCTGAACAG CGAGGGTGCC GC - #GCGCTTCA         900                                                                           - ACGCCAAGTA CCCGCAGGGC ATCCCCACCT CGGCCTGCGG CGAAGGCGCC TA - #CAAGGTCA         960                                                                           - ACGGCGTGAG CTATTACTCC TGGAGCGGTT CCTCGCCGCT GACCAACTTC CT - #CGATCCGA        1020                                                                           - GCGACGCCTT CCTCGGCGCC CCTCGGCGCC TCGTCGCTGA CCTTCAAGAA CG - #GCACCGCC        1080                                                                           - AACGACGGCC TGGTCGGCAC CTGCAGTTCG CACCTGGGCA TGGTGATCCG CG - #ACAACTAC        1140                                                                           - CGGATGAACC ACCTGGACGA GGTGAACCAG GTCTTCGGCC TCACCAGCCT GT - #TCGAGACC        1200                                                                           - AGCCCGGTCA GCGTCTACCG CCAGCACGCC AACCGCCTGA AGAACGCCAG CC - #TGTAG           1257                                                                           - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:3:                                             -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                           #pairs    (A) LENGTH: 1600 base                                                          (B) TYPE: nucleic acid                                                         (C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                 -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA                                                 -     (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:3:                                  - GGGTGCATGC CAGCTCCCAC CGGACACCTG GCCCGTCGCT GAAACGTGTT TT - #CGCTTTCT          60                                                                           - CTACAAATCC AACAACAGAG AGGCACTACC ATGGGTATCT TTGACTATAA AA - #ACCTTGGC         120                                                                           - ACCGAGGGTT CCAAAACGTT GTTCGCCGAT GCCATGGCGA TCACGTTGTA TT - #CCTATCAC         180                                                                           - AACCTGGATA ACGGCTTTGC CGTGGGCTAC CAGCACAACG GGTTGGGCTT GG - #GGCTACCG         240                                                                           - GCCACGCTGG TCGGTGCGCT GCTCGGCAGC ACGGATTCCC AGGGCGTGAT CC - #CTGGCATC         300                                                                           - CCGTGGAACC CGGATTCAGA AAAAGCCGCC CTTGAGGCGG TGCAGAAAGC CG - #GTTGGACA         360                                                                           - CCGATCAGCG CCAGTGCCCT GGGCTACGCC GGCAAGGTCG ATGCACGTGG CA - #CCTTCTTT         420                                                                           - GGGGAAAAAG CCGGCTACAC CACGGCCCAG GTCGAGGTAC TCGGCAAATA CG - #ATGACGCC         480                                                                           - GGCAAGCTGC TCGAAATCGG CATCGGTTTT CGTGGCACTT CGGGGCCACG GG - #AAACCTTG         540                                                                           - ATCAGCGACT CGATCGGCGA CTTGATCAGC GATCTGCTCG CGGCCCTGGG GC - #CCAAGGAT         600                                                                           - TACGCGAAAA ACTACGCCGG CGAAGCCTTC GGCGGCTTGC TCAAGAATGT TG - #CCGACTAC         660                                                                           - GCCGGTGCCC ATGGCCTGAC CGGCAAGGAC GTGGTGGTCA GCGGCCACAG CC - #TGGGCGGG         720                                                                           - CTGGCGGTCA ACAGCATGGC GGACTTGAGC AACTACAAAT GGGCGGGGTT CT - #ACAAGGAC         780                                                                           - GCCAACTATG TTGCCTATGC CTCGCCGACC CAGAGTGCCG GCGACAAGGT GC - #TCAATATC         840                                                                           - GGTTACGAAA ACGACCCGGT GTTCCGCGCG CTGGACGGCT CGTCGTTTAA CC - #TGTCGTCG         900                                                                           - CTGGGCGTGC ACGACAAACC CCACGAGTCC ACCACCGATA ACATCGTCAG CT - #TCAACGAC         960                                                                           - CACTACGCCT CGACGCTGTG GAATGTGCTG CCGTTTTCCA TCGTCAACCT GC - #CCACCTGG        1020                                                                           - GTCTCGCATT TGCCGACGGC GTACGGCGAT GGCATGACGC GCATCCTCGA GT - #CCGGCTTC        1080                                                                           - TACGACCAGA TGACCCGTGA CTCCACGGTG ATTGTTGCCA ACCTGTCCGA TC - #CGGCGCGG        1140                                                                           - GCCAACACCT GGGTGCAGGA CCTCAACCGC AATGCCGAGC CCCACAAGGG CA - #ACACGTTC        1200                                                                           - ATCATCGGCA GCGACGGCAA CGACCTGATC CAGGGCGGCA ACGGTGCGGA CT - #TTATCGAG        1260                                                                           - GGTGGCAAAG GCAACGACAC GATCCGCGAC AACAGCGGGC ACAACACCTT TT - #TGTTCAGC        1320                                                                           - GGCCACTTTG GCAATGATCG CGTGATTGGC TACCAGCCCA CCGACAAACT GG - #TGTTCAAG        1380                                                                           - GACGTGCAAG GAAGCACCGA CCTGCGTGAC CACGCGAAGG TGGTCGGCGC CG - #ATACGGTG        1440                                                                           - CTTACGTTTG GGGCCGACTC GGTGACGCTG GTCGGCGTGG GGCATGGCGG GC - #TGTGGACG        1500                                                                           - GAGGGCGTGG TGATCGGCTG ATTACTCACG CAACCGATCA GTGCCAGTGC TG - #CCCCCGCC        1560                                                                           #  1600            GGGC CGGTGGGGGT AGCCATAGCC                                  - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:4:                                             -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                           #pairs    (A) LENGTH: 1100 base                                                          (B) TYPE: nucleic acid                                                         (C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                 -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA                                                 -     (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:4:                                  - GGGCGATGGC TGGCAGGACG CGCCCCTCGG CCCCATCAAC CTGAGATGAG AA - #CAACATGA          60                                                                           - AGAAGAAGTC TCTGCTCCCC CTCGGCCTGG CCATCGGCCT CGCCTCTCTC GC - #TGCCAGCC         120                                                                           - CTCTGATCCA GGCCAGCACC TACACCCAGA CCAAATACCC CATCGTGCTG GC - #CCACGGCA         180                                                                           - TGCTCGGCTT CGACAATATC CTCGGGGTCG ACTACTGGTT CGGCATTCCC AG - #CGCCTTGC         240                                                                           - GCCGTGACGG TGCCCAGGTC TACGTCACCG AAGTCAGCCA GTTGGACACC TC - #GGAAGTCC         300                                                                           - GCGGCGAGCA GTTGCTGCAA CAGGTGGAGG AAATCGTCGC CCTCAGCGGC CA - #GCCCAAGG         360                                                                           - TCAACCTGAT CGGCCACAGC CACGGCGGGC CGACCATCCG CTACGTCGCC GC - #CGTACGTC         420                                                                           - CCGACCTGAT GCCTTCCGCC ACCAGCGTCG GCGCCCCGCA CAAGGGTTCG GA - #CACCGCCG         480                                                                           - ACTTCCTGCG CCAGATCCCA CCGGGTTCGG CCGGCGAGGC AGTCCTCTCC GG - #GCTGGTCA         540                                                                           - ACAGCCTCGG CGCGCTGATC AGCTTCCTTT CCAGCGGCAG CGCCGGTACG CA - #GAATTCAC         600                                                                           - TGGGCTCGCT GGAGTCGCTG AACAGCGAGG GGGCCGCGCG CTTCAACGCC AA - #GTACCCGC         660                                                                           - AGGGCATCCC CACCTCGGCC TGCGGCGAAG GCGCCTACAA GGTCAACGGC GT - #GAGCTATT         720                                                                           - ACTCCTGGAG CGGTTCCTCG CCGCTGACCA ACTTCCTCGA TCCGAGCGAC GC - #CTTCCTCG         780                                                                           - GCGCCTCGTC GCTGACCTTC AAGAACGGCA CCGCCAACGA CGGCCTGGTC GG - #CACCTGCA         840                                                                           - GTTCGCACCT GGGCATGGTG ATCCGCGACA ACTACCGGAT GAACCACCTG GA - #CGAGGTGA         900                                                                           - ACCAGGTCTT CGGCCTCACC AGCCTGTTCG AGACCAGCCC GGTCAGCGTC TA - #CCGCCAGC         960                                                                           - ACGCCAACCG CCTGAAGAAC GCCAGCCTGT AGGACCCCGG CCGGGGCCTC GG - #CCCCGGCC        1020                                                                           - CTTTCCCGGA AGCCCCCTCG CGTGAAGAAA ATCCTCCTGC TGATTCCACT GG - #CGTTCGCC        1080                                                                           #                 110 - #0                                                     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:5:                                             -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                           #pairs    (A) LENGTH: 1635 base                                                          (B) TYPE: nucleic acid                                                         (C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                 -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA                                                 -     (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:5:                                  - CAGGCCCCCA CGGCCGTTCT TAATGGCAAC GAGGTCATCT CTGGTGTCCT TG - #GGGGCAAG          60                                                                           - GTTGATACCT TTAAGGGAAT TCCATTTGCT GACCCTCCTG TTGGTGACTT GC - #GGTTCAAG         120                                                                           - CACCCCCAGC CTTTCACTGG ATCCTACCAG GGTCTTAAGG CCAACGACTT CA - #GCTCTGCT         180                                                                           - TGTATGCAGC TTGATCCTGG CAATGCCATT TCTTGGCTTG ACAAAGTCGT GG - #GCTTGGGA         240                                                                           - AAGATTCTTC CTGATAACCT TAGAGGCCCT CTTTATGACA TGGCCCAGGG TA - #GTGTCTCC         300                                                                           - ATGAATGAGG ACTGTCTCTA CCTTAACGTT TTCCGCCCTG CTGGCACCAA GC - #CTGATGCT         360                                                                           - AAGCTCCCCG TCATGGTTTG GATTTACGGT GGTGCCTTTG TGTTTGGTTC TT - #CTGCTTCT         420                                                                           - TACCCTGGTA ACGGCTACGT CAAGGAGAGT GTGGAAATGG GCCAGCCTGT TG - #TGTTTGTT         480                                                                           - TCCATCAACT ACCGTACCGG CCCCTATGGA TTCCTGGGTG GTGATGCCAT CA - #CCGCTGAG         540                                                                           - GGTAACACCA ACGCTGGTCT GCACGACCAG CGCAAGGGTC TCGAGTGGGT TA - #GCGACAAC         600                                                                           - ATTGCCAACT TTGGTGGTGA TCCCGACAAG GTCATGATTT TCGGTGAGTC CG - #CTGGTGCC         660                                                                           - ATGAGTGTTG CTCACCAGCT TGTTGCCTAC GGTGGTGACA ACACCTACAA CG - #GAAAGAAG         720                                                                           - CTTTTCCACT CTGCCATTCT TCAGTCTGGC GGTCCTCTTC CTTACTTTGA CT - #CTACTTCT         780                                                                           - GTTGGTCCCG AGAGTGCCTA CAGCAGATTT GCTCAGTATG CCGGATGTGA TG - #CCAGCGCC         840                                                                           - AGTGACAATG AAACTCTGGC TTGTCTCCGC AGCAAGTCCA GCGATGTCTT GC - #ACAGTGCC         900                                                                           - CAGAACTCGT ACGATCTCAA GGACCTGTTT GGCCTGCTCC CTCAATTCCT TG - #GATTTGGT         960                                                                           - CCCAGACCCG ACGGCAACAT TATTCCCGAT GCCGCTTATG AGCTCTACCG CA - #GCGGTAGA        1020                                                                           - TACGCCAAGG TTCCCTACAT TACTGGTAAC CAGGAGGATG AGGGTACTAT TC - #TTGCCCCC        1080                                                                           - GTTGCTATTA ATGCTACCAC GACTCCCCAT GTTAAGAAGT GGTTGAAGTA CA - #TTTGTAGC        1140                                                                           - GAGGCTTCTG ACGCTTCGCT TGATCGTGTT TTGTCGCTCT ACCCCGGCTC TT - #GGTCGGAG        1200                                                                           - GGTGCGCCAT TCCGCACTGG TATTCTTAAT GCTCTGACCC CTCAGTTCAA GC - #GCATTGCT        1260                                                                           - GCCATTTTCA CTGATTTGCT GTTCCAGTCT CCTCGTCGTG TTATGCTTAA CG - #CTACCAAG        1320                                                                           - GACGTCAACC GCTGGACTTA CCTTGCCACC CAGCTCCATA ACCTCGTTCC AT - #TTTTGGGT        1380                                                                           - ACTTTCCATG GTAGTGATCT TCTTTTCCAA TACTACGTGG ACCTTGGCCC AT - #CTTCTGCT        1440                                                                           - TACCGCCGCT ACTTTATCTC GTTTGCCAAC CACCACGACC CCAACGTTGG CA - #CCAACCTG        1500                                                                           - AAACAGTGGG ATATGTACAC TGATGCAGGC AAGGAGATGC TTCAGATTCA TA - #TGGTTGGT        1560                                                                           - AACTCTATGA GAACTGACGA CTTTAGAATC GAGGGAATCT CGAACTTTGA GT - #CTGACGTT        1620                                                                           #  1635                                                                        - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:6:                                             -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                           #pairs    (A) LENGTH: 1650 base                                                          (B) TYPE: nucleic acid                                                         (C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                 -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA                                                 -     (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:6:                                  - ATGGAGCTCG CTCTTGCGCT CCTGCTCATT GCCTCGGTGG CTGCTGCCCC CA - #CCGCCACG          60                                                                           - CTCGCCAACG GCGACACCAT CACCGGTCTC AACGCCATCA TCAACGAGGC GT - #TCCTCGGC         120                                                                           - ATTCCCTTTG CCGAGCCGCC GGTGGGCAAC CTCCGCTTCA AGGACCCCGT GC - #CGTACTCC         180                                                                           - GGCTCGCTCG ATGGCCAGAA GTTCACGCTG TACGGCCCGC TGTGCATGCA GC - #AGAACCCC         240                                                                           - GAGGGCACCT ACGAGGAGAA CCTCCCCAAG GCAGCGCTCG ACTTGGTGAT GC - #AGTCCAAG         300                                                                           - GTGTTTGAGG CGGTGCTGCC GCTGAGCGAG GACTGTCTCA CCATCAACGT GG - #TGCGGCCG         360                                                                           - CCGGGCACCA AGGCGGGTGC CAACCTCCCG GTGATGCTCT GGATCTTTGG CG - #GCGGGTTT         420                                                                           - GAGGTGGGTG GCACCAGCAC CTTCCCTCCC GCCCAGATGA TCACCAAGAG CA - #TTGCCATG         480                                                                           - GGCAAGCCCA TCATCCACGT GAGCGTCAAC TACCGCGTGT CGTCGTGGGG GT - #TCTTGGCT         540                                                                           - GGCGACGAGA TCAAGGCCGA GGGCAGTGCC AACGCCGGTT TGAAGGACCA GC - #GCTTGGGC         600                                                                           - ATGCAGTGGG TGGCGGACAA CATTGCGGCG TTTGGCGGCG ACCCGACCAA GG - #TGACCATC         660                                                                           - TTTGGCGAGC TGGCGGGCAG CATGTCGGTC ATGTGCCACA TTCTCTGGAA CG - #ACGGCGAC         720                                                                           - AACACGTACA AGGGCAAGCC GCTCTTCCGC GCGGGCATCA TGCAGCTGGG GG - #CCATGGTG         780                                                                           - CCGCTGGACG CCGTGGACGG CATCTACGGC AACGAGATCT TTGACCTCTT GG - #CGTCGAAC         840                                                                           - GCGGGCTGCG GCAGCGCCAG CGACAAGCTT GCGTGCTTGC GCGGTGTGCT GA - #GCGACACG         900                                                                           - TTGGAGGACG CCACCAACAA CACCCCTGGG TTCTTGGCGT ACTCCTCGTT GC - #GGTTGCTG         960                                                                           - TACCTCCCCC GGCCCGACGG CGTGAACATC ACCGACGACA TGTACGCCTT GG - #TGCGCGAG        1020                                                                           - GGCAAGTATG CCAACATCCC TGTGATCATC GGCGACCAGA ACGACGAGGG CA - #CCTTCTTT        1080                                                                           - GGCACCCTGC TGTTGAACGT GACCACGGAT GCCCAGGCCC GCGAGTACTT CA - #AGCAGCTG        1140                                                                           - TTTGTCCACG CCAGCGACGC GGAGATCGAC ACGTTGATGA CGGCGTACCC CG - #GCGACATC        1200                                                                           - ACCCAGGGCC TGCCGTTCGA CACGGGTATT CTCAACGCCC TCACCCCGCA GT - #TCAAGAGA        1260                                                                           - ATCCTGGCGG TGCTCGGCGA CCTTGGCTTT ACGCTTGCTC GTCGCTACTT CC - #TCAACCAC        1320                                                                           - TACACCGGCG GCACCAAGTA CTCATTCCTC CTGAAGCAGC TCCTGGGCTT GC - #CGGTGCTC        1380                                                                           - GGAACGTTCC ACTCCAACGA CATTGTCTTC CAGGACTACT TGTTGGGCAG CG - #GCTCGCTC        1440                                                                           - ATCTACAACA ACGCGTTCAT TGCGTTTGCC ACGGACTTGG ACCCCAACAC CG - #CGGGGTTG        1500                                                                           - TTGGTGAAGT GGCCCGAGTA CACCAGCAGC CTGCAGCTGG GCAACAACTT GA - #TGATGATC        1560                                                                           - AACGCCTTGG GCTTGTACAC CGGCAAGGAC AACTTCCGCA CCGCCGGCTA CG - #ACGCGTTG        1620                                                                           #         1650     TGTT CTTTGTGTAA                                             __________________________________________________________________________ 

We claim:
 1. A process for producing fatty acids or derivatives of fatty acids from oleaginous plants, which comprises:producing transgenic oleaginous plants having at least one lipase gene coding for a lipase enzyme, and associated with said lipase gene, a promoter permitting an expression of said lipase gene either in cellular, extracellular or tissue compartments different from those in which the plant lipids accumulate, or by exogenous induction, collecting the seeds or fruits containing the lipids of said plants, crushing the seeds or fruits, if necessary after induction treatment, so as to bring into contact the lipids and the lipase contained in said seeds or fruits, allowing the whole mixture to incubate to effect an enzymatic hydrolysis of the lipids of the crushed material under the catalytic action of the lipase contained in the crushed material, and extracting or converting the fatty acids resulting from the hydrolysis to obtain the desired fatty acid derivatives.
 2. Process according to claim 1, in which the transgenic oleaginous plants are produced by effecting a genetic transformation of a natural oleaginous plant, causing the genetically transformed plant to-reproduce sexually so as to produce transgenic seeds and using the said transgenic seeds in order to obtain transgenic plant progeny.
 3. Process according to claim 2, wherein:the genetic transformation of the plant is effected by producing an expression cassette containing a lipase gene and a promoter controlling the expression of a specific protein in the seed, and introducing this expression cassette into the genome of the plant so as to express the lipase in the compartments of the seed where the specific protein accumulates, the lipids and the lipase are brought into contact by simple crushing.
 4. Process according to claim 3, wherein said oleoginous plants are rapeseed plants, and the genetic transformation is effected starting from an expression cassette comprising a lipase gene and a napine promoter.
 5. Process according to claim 2, wherein:the genetic transformation of the plant is effected by producing an expression cassette containing a lipase gene and a promoter that can be controlled in an exogenous manner, and introducing this expression cassette into the genome of the plant, an induction treatment is applied to the seeds and fruits before crushing so as to induce synthesis of the lipase.
 6. Process according to claim 5, wherein:the genetic transformation is carried out from an expression cassette comprising a lipase gene and a stress promoter, the induction treatment consists of a physical stress applied to the seeds or fruits before crushing.
 7. Process according to claim 2, wherein:the genetic transformation of the plant is effected by producing an expression cassette comprising a constitutive promoter and a lipase gene provided with a signal sequence for cellular or extracellular compartments different from those where the lipids accumulate, the lipids and lipase are brought into contact by simple crushing.
 8. Process according to claim 2, in which the genetic transformation of the plant is carried out by producing an expression cassette containing the lipase gene and the associated promoter, and by introducing this expression cassette into the genome of somatic cells of the plant by a transfer selected from the group consisting of bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens, electroporation, biolistics, and microinjection.
 9. Process according to claim 2, in which the genetic transformation of the plant is carried out by producing an expression cassette containing the lipase gene and the associated promoter, and by introducing this expression cassette into the genome of microspores of the plant by electroporation or biolistics.
 10. Process according to claim 1, wherein transgenic plants are produced containing a lipase gene having a non-specific hydrolytic activity in order to achieve a complete hydrolysis of the lipids.
 11. Process according to claim 8, wherein transgenic plants are produced containing a lipase gene having a sequence identical or similar to one of SEQ ID NOS:1-6.
 12. Process according to claim 1, in which the incubation to induce enzymatic hydrolysis is carried out at a temperature between 20° C. and 60° C.
 13. Process according to claim 1, in which the extraction of the fatty acids produced by the hydrolysis is carried out by a liquid/liquid extraction using a non-polar solvent.
 14. Process according to claim 1, in which the fatty acids produced by the hydrolysis are methylated in situ by contact with methanol under acid catalysis and ultrasound in order to convert them into methyl esters, the latter being extracted by a liquid/liquid extraction using a non-polar solvent.
 15. A plant or plant seed, containing in its genome an expression cassette having at least one gene coding for an enzyme, associated with a promoter permitting an expression of said gene in cellular, extracellular or tissue compartments, wherein:the plant or the plant seed is of an oleaginous type capable of producing lipids in specific lipid compartments, the coding gene is a gene coding for a lipase enzyme capable of hydrolyzing the lipids, the promoter associated with the gene is of the type permitting an expression of the gene in compartments different from the lipid compartments of the plant or seed so as to prevent contact between lipids and lipases produced by the plant.
 16. The plant or seed according to claim 15, in which the promoter associated with the lipase gene is a cellular expression promoter or specific tissue promoter.
 17. The plant or seed according to claim 15, in which the lipase gene is provided with a signal sequence for cellular or extracellular compartments different from the lipid accumulation compartments, the promoter being a constitutive promoter.
 18. A plant or plant seed, containing in its genome an expression cassette having at least one gene coding for an enzyme, associated with a promoter permitting an expression of said gene, wherein:the plant or the plant seed is of an oleaginous type capable of producing lipids in specific lipid compartments, the coding gene is a gene coding for a lipase enzyme capable of hydrolyzing the lipids, the promoter associated with the gene is of the exogenous induction type, capable of controlling the production of lipase under the action of an exogenous signal. 